ʻEdut be-Hosef -- Derekh ʻets ha-ḥayim -- Refuʼat ha-nefesh -- ha-Tapuaḥ.

Śiḥot maran ha-Mashgiaḥ Mohari Leṿinshṭain, zatsal -- Ḥidushe torato ʻa. Mas. B.ḳ. ṿe-liḳuṭim -- Leḳeṭ mi-maʼamraṿ mi-moreshet Daṿid Heber ṿe-ʻinyene ha-shaʻah.

kerekh 1. Ba-halakhah uve-agadah -- kerekh 2. [without special title].

A new view of the functional role of the left anterior cortex in language use is proposed. The experimental record indicates that most human linguistic abilities are not localized in this region. In particular, most of syntax (long thought to be there) is not located in Broca's area and its vicinity (operculum, insula, and subjacent white matter). This cerebral region, implicated in Broca's aphasia, does have a role in syntactic processing, but a highly specific one: It is the neural home (...) to receptive mechanisms involved in the computation of the relation between transformationally moved phrasal constituents and their extraction sites (in line with the Trace-Deletion Hypothesis). It is also involved in the construction of higher parts of the syntactic tree in speech production. By contrast, basic combinatorial capacities necessary for language processing – for example, structure-building operations, lexical insertion – are not supported by the neural tissue of this cerebral region, nor is lexical or combinatorial semantics. The dense body of empirical evidence supporting this restrictive view comes mainly from several angles on lesion studies of syntax in agrammatic Broca's aphasia. Five empirical arguments are presented: experiments in sentence comprehension, cross-linguistic considerations (where aphasia findings from several language types are pooled and scrutinized comparatively), grammaticality and plausibility judgments, real-time processing of complex sentences, and rehabilitation. Also discussed are recent results from functional neuroimaging and from structured observations on speech production of Broca's aphasics. Syntactic abilities are nonetheless distinct from other cognitive skills and are represented entirely and exclusively in the left cerebral hemisphere. Although more widespread in the left hemisphere than previously thought, they are clearly distinct from other human combinatorial and intellectual abilities. The neurological record (based on functional imaging, split-brain and right-hemisphere-damaged patients, as well as patients suffering from a breakdown of mathematical skills) indicates that language is a distinct, modularly organized neurological entity. Combinatorial aspects of the language faculty reside in the human left cerebral hemisphere, but only the transformational component (or algorithms that implement it in use) is located in and around Broca's area. Key Words: agrammatism; aphasia; Broca's area; cerebral localization; dyscalculia; functional neuroanatomy; grammatical transformation; modularity; neuroimaging; syntax; trace deletion. (shrink)

In this paper I argue that a Bio-Social conception of “race” is a socially salient conception within the United States. This conception is “socially salient” in the sense that is demonstrative of public understanding and public use of the race concept within context of the United States and its member institutions. This conception is “Bio-Social” in the sense that a set of biological and social properties form the necessary conditions for “race” and “racial group membership.” I explain that these biological (...) and social properties are the social interpretation of ancestral relations to geographically and culturally specified groups. (shrink)

The movement known as Deutsche Physik (German physics) evolved hand in hand with National Socialism. It represented a marginal but vocal group of German scientists and science scholars who profiled themselves as defenders of “Aryan” science and called for the elimination of the “Jewish spirit” that they saw as epitomized by Albert Einstein’s relativity theory and as dominating the natural sciences, even in Nazi Germany. This infamous movement is most associated with the Nobel laureate physicists Philipp Lenard and Johannes Stark, (...) who founded it and gave it its initial political impetus during the early years of the Third Reich. However, in its main and final phase, between 1937 and 1943, the movement was no longer led by Lenard and Stark but by the philosopher of science Hugo Dingler (1881–1954) and his Munich-based circle. Tracing the development of his career until 1937, this article examines how Dingler came to play this role both despite and because of the significant differences between his and the better known Lenard-Stark strand of Deutsche Physik. Special attention is paid to Dingler’s subversive use of theoretical principles—particularly his framing of his work as a radical search for certainty—to advance the movement’s antiscientific agenda. (shrink)

Beyond Scandal will give you the resources to talk to your kinds about: Sex, Gossip, Lying, Politics, Scandal, Friendship, Values, Leadership, Dirty Jokes.

I begin with a characterization of neurolinguistic theories, trying to pinpoint some general properties that an account of brain/language relations should have. I then address specific criticisms made in the commentaries regarding the syntactic theory assumed in the target article, properties of the Trace Deletion Hypothesis (TDH) and the Tree-Pruning Hyothesis (TPH), other experimental results from aphasia, and findings from functional neuroimaging. Despite the criticism, the picture of the limited role of Broca's area remains unchanged.

This article aims to explain proportional equality and the way to comprehend the inequality of treatment found in Aristotle’s theory of justice. One of the ethical principles in a fair distribution of goods is equality, which is commonly understood as equality of treatment and outcomes. Surpassing this common understanding, if not in reverse, Aristotle offers proportional equality, in the sense that a fair distribution of goods must take into consideration balance or suitability between the goods distributed and the quality or (...) virtue of the recipients.This would mean that not everyone or only those who are worthy are entitled to obtain the goods being distributed. It seems that Aristotle’s theory of justice implies inequality of treatment according to excellence.In light of this, how should this unequal treatment be understood? Through qualitative analysis, this article suggests teleological reasoning, a model of thought that proceeds from the telos or goal and works backwards to Þ nd out the right means or suitable subjects to realize that end. The article, therefore, begins with the description of Aristotle’s theory of justice, proportional equality, and teleological reasoning. In the final section, I will consider the inequality of treatment by analyzing concrete cases of various subsidies provided by modernstates. The fnding shows that Aristotle’s theory of justice is significant in guaranteeing the realization of the goal of goods being distributed Key-words: justice, proportional equality, unequal treatment, subsidy, teleological reasoning, Aristotle Abstrak: Artikel ini bertujuan menjelaskan kesamaan proporsional dan cara memahami ketidaksamaan perlakuan yang muncul dalam teori keadilan Aristoteles. Salah satu prinsip etis pembagian barang yang adil adalah kesamaan, yang secara umum dipahami sebagai kesamaan perlakuan dan hasil. Berbeda dan bahkan melampaui pemahaman umum, Aristoteles menawarkan kesamaan proporsional, dalam arti bahwa pembagian barang yang adil harus mempertimbangkan keseimbangan atau kesesuaian antara barang yang dibagikan dengan kualitas atau keutamaan para penerima. Itu berarti, tidak semua orang atau hanya orang-orang yang dianggap layak berhak mendapatkan barang yang didistribusikan. Tampaknya, teori keadilan Aristoteles mengisyaratkan ketidaksamaan perlakuan atau membuat perbedaan berdasarkan keunggulan. Bagaimana kita memahami ketidaksamaan perlakuan ini? Lewat analisis kualitatif, artikel ini mengajukan pemikiran teleologis, sebuah model pemikiran yang bertolak dari tujuan dan bekerja ke belakang untuk menemukan sarana-sarana yang tepat atau subjek-subjek yang cocok untuk merealisasikan tujuan tersebut. Karena itu artikel akan dimulai dengan uraian tentang inti teori keadilan Aristoteles, kesamaan proporsional, dan pemikiran teleologis. Padabagian akhir, saya akan mempertimbangkan ketidaksamaan perlakuan dengan menganalisis kasus konkret berbagai model subsidi yang diberikan oleh negara-negara modern. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa teorikeadilan Aristoteles penting untuk menjamin terealisasinya tujuan barang-barang yang dibagikan. Kata-Kata Kunci: keadilan, kesamaan proporsional, ketidaksamaan perlakuan, pemikiran teleologis, subsidi, Aristoteles. (shrink)

This paper connects the debate regarding perceptual representation of high-level properties and the debate regarding non-conceptual perceptual representation. I present and defend a distinction between representationally-complex properties and properties that are simpler to represent and offer ways of assessing whether a property is representationally complex. I address conditions under which such a property might be non-conceptually represented and conclude that most representationally-complex properties are simply too complex to be non-conceptually represented. Thus, most mental states that represent representationally-complex properties must be (...) conceptual. This conclusion is relevant for a variety of philosophical theories (perception, ethics, emotions, pain) and is especially dramatic with respect to accounts according to which a mental state can non-conceptually represent such properties. As a test case for applying my argument I consider a group of such accounts: non-conceptual perceptual views of emotions, which my argument entails are false. I end by considering the implications my argument has for different theories. -/- . (shrink)